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In 1773 a part of Dorchester County, together with a portion of Queen Anne's County, was taken to form Caroline County.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,546 km² (983 mi²). 1,444 km² (558 mi²) of it is land and 1,102 km² (425 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 43.28% water.
There are 12,706 households out of which 27.30% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.50% are married couples living together, 15.50% have a female householder with no husband present, and 33.10% are non-families. 28.20% of all households are made up of individuals and 13.50% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.36 and the average family size is 2.86.
In the county the population is spread out with 23.30% under the age of 18, 6.70% from 18 to 24, 26.80% from 25 to 44, 25.50% from 45 to 64, and 17.70% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 89.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 86.40 males.
The median income for a household in the county is $34,077, and the median income for a family is $41,917. Males have a median income of $29,014 versus $22,284 for females. The per capita income for the county is $18,929. 13.80% of the population and 10.10% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 18.10% are under the age of 18 and 14.20% are 65 or older.
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