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Timeline of solar astronomy
Timeline
of
solar
astronomy
1613
-
Galileo Galilei
uses
sunspot
observations to demonstrate the rotation of the
Sun
1619
-
Johannes Kepler
postulates a
solar wind
to explain the direction of
comet
tails
1802
-
William Hyde Wollaston
observes dark lines in the solar
spectrum
1814
-
Joseph Fraunhofer
systematically studies the dark lines in the solar spectrum
1834
-
Hermann Helmholtz
proposes
gravitational
contraction as the energy source for the Sun
1843
-
Heinrich Schwabe[?]
announces his discovery of the
sunspot
cycle
and estimates its period to be about ten years
1852
-
Edward Sabine
shows that sunspot number is correlated with
geomagnetic field[?]
variations
1859
-
Richard Carrington[?]
discovers
solar flares
1860
-
Gustav Kirchhoff
and
Robert Bunsen
discover that each
chemical element
has its own distinct set of
spectral lines
and use this fact to explain the solar dark lines
1861
-
F.G.W. Sporer[?]
discovers the variation of sunspot
latitudes
during a solar cycle
1863
-
Richard Carrington[?]
discovers the differential nature of solar rotation
1868
-
Pierre-Jules-Cesar Janssen[?]
and
Norman Lockyer
discover an unidentified yellow line in
solar prominence[?]
spectra and suggest it comes from a new element which they name "
helium
"
1893
-
Edward Maunder[?]
discovers the
1645
-
1715
Maunder sunspot minimum
1904
- Edward Maunder plots the first sunspot "butterfly diagram
1906
-
Karl Schwarzschild
explains solar limb darkening
1908
-
George Hale[?]
discovers the
Zeeman splitting
of spectral lines from sunspots
1942
-
J.S. Hey[?]
detects solar
radio waves
1949
-
Herbert Friedman[?]
detects solar
X-rays
1960
-
Robert Leighton[?]
,
Robert Noyes[?]
, and
George Simon[?]
discover solar five-minute oscillations by observing the
Doppler shifts
of solar dark lines
1961
-
H. Babcock[?]
proposes the magnetic coiling sunspot theory
1970
-
Roger Ulrich[?]
,
John Leibacher[?]
, and
Robert Stein[?]
deduce from theoretical solar models that the interior of the Sun could act as a
resonant
acoustic cavity[?]
1975
-
Franz-Ludwig Deubner[?]
makes the first accurate measurements of the period and horizontal wavelength of the five-minute solar oscillations
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