Examples of trace decay theory in the following topics:
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- There are several theories that address why we forget memories and information over time, including trace decay theory, interference theory, and cue-dependent forgetting.
- The trace decay theory of forgetting states that all memories fade automatically as a function of time.
- Under this theory, you need to follow a certain pathway, or trace, to recall a memory.
- But disuse of a trace will lead to memory decay, which will ultimately cause retrieval failure.
- Trace decay, interference, and lack of cues are not the only ways that memories can fail to be retrieved.
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- Short-term memory decays rapidly and has a limited capacity.
- Baddeley and Hitch's 1974 model of working memory is the most commonly accepted theory of working memory today.
- It consists of two parts: a short-term phonological store with auditory memory traces that are subject to rapid decay, and an articulatory loop that can revive these memory traces.
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- It continuously decays, so in the absence of rehearsal (keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it) it can be forgotten.
- These vectors are called memory traces.
- The memory matrix is constantly growing, with new traces being added in.
- The multi-trace model has two key limitations: the notion of an ever-growing matrix within human memory sounds implausible, and the idea of computational searches for specific memories among millions of traces that would be present within the memory matrix sounds far beyond the scope of the human-recalling process.
- The neural network model is the ideal model in this case, as it overcomes the limitations posed by the multi-trace model and maintains the useful features of the model as well.
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- Psychodynamic theory studies the psychological forces underlying human behavior, feelings, and emotions.
- Later, these theories were developed further by Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Melanie Klein, and others.
- Much of Freud's theory was based on his investigations of patients suffering from "hysteria" and neurosis.
- The history of the term can be traced to ancient Greece, where the idea emerged that a woman's uterus could float around her body and cause a variety of disturbances.
- Freud's theories also placed a great deal of emphasis on sexual development.
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- The theory of psychodynamics is often used to refer specifically to the psychoanalytic theory proposed by Sigmund Freud and his followers.
- Freud's theory rested on the existence of a particular structure of the human mind.
- In psychoanalytic theory, humans are described as having sexual and aggressive tendencies and drives.
- Freud believed that all disorders present in adults could be traced back to instances in their childhood at which point the transference of ill will from one person to another prevented the individual from mastering a certain stage of psychosexual development.
- Based on patients' feedback, including stories from their childhood and interpretation of their dreams, Freud developed his psychodynamic theory of psychology and his psychoanalytic theory of personality.
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- Neo-Freudian approaches to the study of personality both expanded on and countered Freud's original theories.
- Many criticized his theories for being overly focused on sexuality; over the years since his work, many other theorists have adapted and built on his ideas to form new theories of personality.
- Alfred Adler was the first to explore and develop a comprehensive social theory of the psychodynamic person.
- Carl Jung followed in Adler's footsteps by developing a theory of personality called analytical psychology.
- One of Jung's major contributions was his idea of the collective unconscious, which he deemed a "universal" version of Freud's personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, that are common to all of us (Jung, 1928).
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- Personality has been studied for over 2000 years, beginning with Hippocrates in 370 BCE and spanning through modern theories such as the psychodynamic perspective and trait theory.
- While this theory is no longer held to be true, it paved the way for further discoveries and insight into human personality.
- Learning theories, such as behaviorism, regard an individuals' actions as ultimately being responses to external stimuli.
- Social learning theory believes that personality and behavior are determined by an individual's cognition about the world around them.
- Humanistic theory argues that an individual's subjective free will is the most important determinant of behavior.
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- Allport's, Cattell's, and Eysenck's trait theories propose that individuals possess certain personality traits that partially determine their behavior.
- The idea of categorizing people by traits can be traced back as far as Hippocrates; however more modern theories have come from Gordon Allport, Raymond Cattell, and Hans Eysenck.
- Despite cutting down significantly on Allport's list of traits, Cattell's 16PF theory has still been criticized for being too broad.
- The major strength of Eysenck's model is that he was one of the first to make his approach more quantifiable; it was therefore perceived to be more "legitimate", as a common criticism of psychological theories is that they are not empirically verifiable.
- Summarize the similarities and differences among Allport's, Cattell's, and Eysenck's trait theories of personality
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- In today's psychological landscape, intelligence can be very generally defined as the capacity to learn from experiences and adapt to one's environment, but thanks to the many different theories of intelligence that have been developed over the last century or so, there are many different frames in which to discuss it.
- Francis Galton, influenced by his half-cousin Charles Darwin, was the first to propose a theory of intelligence.
- An early theory of multiple intelligence is attributed to Edward Thorndike, who in 1920 theorized three types of intelligence: social, mechanical, and abstract.
- In more recent decades, many new theories of multiple intelligence have been proposed.
- A few years later, Robert Sternberg proposed the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, which proposes three fundamental types of cognitive ability: analytic intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.
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- However, there are many theories concerning memory retrieval.
- The theory behind this is that the participant has had more time to rehearse these words in working memory.
- This can be due to decay, a natural process that occurs when neural connections decline, like an unused muscle.
- While this process is not completely understood, there are two theories as to why it occurs.